El fin de la ciencia es lograr un conocimiento de la realidad para la transformación adecuada del hombre y su ambiente. Las investigaciones clínicas están encaminadas a utilizar a los seres humanos o a sus derivados como parte del conocimiento para prevenir, diagnosticar o tratar enfermedades. Todos los estudios realizados en personas deben tomar en cuenta su dignidad en la concepción misma de los proyectos, por lo que es fundamental que se respeten sus derechos humanos. La bioética, al ser una (...) disciplina que se establece como protectora de las personas y su medio ambiente, debe salvaguardar la dignidad de los participantes. (shrink)

Not only is freedom a shared concern of Sartre and Schelling, which would not be anything particularly unique, but for both philosophers, freedom must be articulated out of an ontological ground, or within the confines of an ontological system. A contradiction nevertheless appears to arise regarding the “orientation” of Sartre and Schelling’s respective “ontologies of freedom”: the freedom of Sartre, reflecting a contemporary stoic-inspired doctrine, is directed toward the future, while for Schelling, with affinities to the temporal logic of psychoanalysis, (...) freedom is oriented toward the past. This article presents both Sartre and Schelling’s ontological reasoning out of which either a progressively oriented freedom (the freedom to negate the present in the name of future “possibles”) or a retrogressively oriented freedom (the freedom to determine the ground of the present out of an indefinite, a-temporal becoming), before attempting to resolve this contradiction in the temporality of freedom by examining the position and role of the negative (of negation, contradiction, or nothingness), as either secondary or primary, within the ontology of each respective philosopher. (shrink)

This article asks the question “Why did Plato not write the ‘unwritten doctrine’?” and answers it by citing a combination of two obstacles. The first derives from the limitations of the episteme available to an embodied soul about the essence of the good. Even if the dialectician has access to some kind of knowledge, the mismatch between the unchanging essence of the good and the precarious logoi which aim to identify it (and allow others some measure of access to it) (...) can never fully be overcome. At best, Socrates (or Plato) can lead souls to an incomplete account of it: It is possible that even the most expert dialectician can only have a claim to knowledge, but no absolute certainty. Another obstacle lies in the audience or readership itself: No shortcut to understanding is possible, and yet a mere written presentation, which is all they have, is just such a shortcut, and so represents an empty promise. In memory of Charles H. Kahn (1928–2023), a letter of his from September 5, 1989, concerning the question “Why did Plato not write the ‘unwritten doctrine’?” is published, along with some comments. (shrink)

El propósito principal del siguiente artículo es el de realizar un estudio crítico comparativo entre las tesis sobre la experiencia de la alteridad que Jean-Paul Sartre desarrolló en El ser y la Nada y aquellas que elaboró Eduardo Nicol a lo largo de sus trabajos filosóficos. Pese a la ausencia de un diálogo directo entre ambos intelectuales trataremos de ofrecer luz sobre las formas a través de las cuales el pensamiento nicoliano ofrece herramientas conceptuales para trascender las irresolubles conflictividades que (...) Sartre diagnosticaba en su estudio sobre el ser-para-otro. Entroncando con algunas de las premisas fenomenológicas sartreanas, defenderemos la potencialidad de la metafísica de Eduardo Nicol a la hora de proyectar una conceptualización de la intersubjetividad humana que supere las opacidades que el filósofo francés había diagnosticado en sus reflexiones en torno a la dialéctica de la mirada. (shrink)

Aggregation of variables allows to approximate a large scale dynamical system (the micro-system) involving many variables into a reduced system (the macro-system) described by a few number of global variables. Approximate aggregation can be performed when different time scales are involved in the dynamics of the micro-system. Perturbation methods enable to approximate the large micro-system by a macro-system going on at a slow time scale. Aggregation has been performed for systems of ordinary differential equations in which time is a continuous (...) variable. In this contribution, we extend aggregation methods to time-discrete models of population dynamics. Time discrete micro-models with two time scales are presented. We use perturbation methods to obtain a slow macro-model. The asymptotic behaviours of the micro and macro-systems are characterized by the main eigenvalues and the associated eigenvectors. We compare the asymptotic behaviours of both systems which are shown to be similar to a certain order. (shrink)

States of sensory absorption may offer a means to disentangle perception from report. Interestingly, such states lead to an antagonistic relationship between perceptual and cognitive-access networks, suggesting that perceptual awareness does not depend on a read-out by high order cognitive-access mechanisms. Rather, it may emerge internally, through a cooperative coding dynamics, whereby each neuron simultaneously represents and reads-out the perceptual awareness state.

RESUMENLa distinción entre conocimiento intuitivo y abstractivo, extendida por Duns Escoto, y la consiguiente distinción entre conceptos distintos y confusos, implica una nueva gnoseología en la que la inteligencia asiste pasivamente, como un espejo, a la representación de las esencias, que se manifiestan al margen de su existencia. PALABRAS CLAVECERTEZA–EVIDENCIA–INTUICIÓN–CONOCIMIENTO ABSTRACTIVO–IDEAS CLARAS Y DISTINTAS.ABSTRACTThe distinction between intuitive and abstractive knowledge, spread by Duns Scotus, and the consequent distinction between different and confused concepts, it involves a new gnoseology in which intelligence (...) assists passively, like a mirror, to the presentation of essences, manifested apart from its existence.KEY WORDSCERTAINTY–EVIDENCE–INTUITION–ABSTRACTION–CLEAR AND DISTINCT IDEAS. (shrink)

Uma palavra universal, existente desde a primeira forma de conscientização do homem, amor. Palavra que poeticamente, se disser que é tão antiga quanto se faz nova. A grande questão abordada sobre o amor, é se sua essência como expressão do que é, nas relações humanas e na relação com a vida, ainda possui o seu conceito original ou se perdeu ao longo dos anos? O amor de Deus não muda e perpassa a história., mesmo que no período presente, a palavra (...) amor se perde num chamado modo de viver líquido. Assim, verificará que o amor não está em crise, o Amor de Deus não é o problema, mas como relacionar um amor sólido e permanente, numa sociedade líquida e inconstante? São esses os questionamentos que este artigo deseja enfrentar. (shrink)

Con el objetivo de contribuir al debate actual sobre la necesidad del esclarecimiento de los fundamentos filosóficos de la investigación científica y su declaración en el discurso que expone sus principales resultados, se valoró la forma en que se asume la perspectiva dialéctico-materialista y se precisó en torno a algunos enfoques polémicos sobre la necesidad de su empleo consecuente como referente cosmovisivo en la construcción de la ciencia y la legitimación de sus resultados. Se enfatizó en la necesidad de su (...) consecuente empleo en el proceso de investigación. In order to contribute to the current debate on the necessity for clarification of the philosophical foundations of scientific research and its interpretation in discourse that exposes its main results, it was assessed how dialectical materialistic perspective is assumed and it was clarified around some controversial approaches about the necessity of its consistent use as a comprehensive reference in building science and the legitimacy of its results. It was emphasized on the need of its consistent use in the research process. (shrink)

Wittgenstein’s mature philosophy offers a therapeutic way out of some conundrums stemming from taxonomic expectations regarding philosophical description of experience in general. The paper asks if this is also true of the facts of aesthetic experience. This possibility is hinted at by examining an application of the notion of certainty to aesthetic experience. Some traits of possible uses of central concepts of the mature Wittgenstein to a philosophical aesthetics inspired by the “new method” are also canvassed.

The anthropologist James Frazer investigates the ritual gesture in search of be- liefs about the physical world by the native. Wittgenstein considers this a case of aspect- blindness, one that is disruptive of the conditions for understanding the native’s most triv- ial gestures. Unable to cast his glance from within the native situation, this methodological view from nowhere has an arresting effect on experience – in particular, the experience of speaking. This interruption is to be examined by means of a (...) thought experiment. Then, through the interplay of the concepts of Spirit and Aspect, a philosophical tool is described to assess the problem that can also serve as practical guide back to ordinary experience. The next step is to examine this way out in a particularly sensitive kind of experience of meaning: the aesthetic experience, also seen as a ritual. We conclude by alluding to a pos- sibly mutual illumination between aesthetic experience, translation studies and a Cavellian take on ordinary language. (shrink)

Conceptual analysis is one of the notions undergoing dramatic changes during Wittgenstein's intermediate period. There's an aspect of such changes which might prove characteristic of the new directions taken by Wittgenstein's thought after 1929: it is the notion of complete analysis. We believe that Wittgenstein's treatment of this notion is also an interesting indication of new concerns generated by the "new method" itself, in terms of its radical openness to dialogism and its anti-dogmatism. Our aim here will be to explore (...) a couple of hints as to why this can be so. (shrink)

En este escrito se argumentará que uno de los problemas centrales de la rigidez en los términos generales para clases naturales es consecuencia de no distinguir entre términos rígidos de jure y términos rígidos de facto en dichos casos. Se sostiene que los enunciados de identidad necesarios defendidos por Kripke en Naming and Necessity consideran la ocurrencia de términos que designan a una misma clase (clases que poseen entre sí la relación transmundana de ser una misma clase) a través de (...) dos términos rígidos, uno de jure y uno de facto. Esto permite explicar los problemas que la noción de rigidez plantea en los casos de los términos generales para clases naturales, pues mantiene los requerimientos de conexión causal y a su vez enuncia el criterio de identidad entre tales clases, a través de la(s) propiedad(es) esencial(es) de dicha clase. (shrink)

When examining the current form that modern society has acquired, it is hard to overlook the emergence of a systemic dimension that has become far removed from its social-symbolic roots. This systemic dimension is the result of a process of functional differentiation and simultaneous growth that has led to the gradual formation of social systems that, alongside their coordinating effect, give rise to multiple conflicts or crises. But how are the crises of modern societies to be understood in light of (...) this logic of functional differentiation and internal growth? The purpose of this article is to postulate one particular form of crisis, which will be understood as the result of a consubstantial tendency towards systemic growth. The trend takes the form of a concentration of the performances of social systems that recreates modern schemes of stratification, homogenizes the diversity of options and selections of these systems and, by becoming caught up in thoughtless patterns of growth, produces critical scenarios. (shrink)

How can we, perspicuously, explain the relation between a literary text and its interpretation by a reader in a way that supports the hypothesis that literature matters for moral reflection? In this article, based on a critical examination of some anglophone authors, who are more or less engaged in investigations related to the analytic philosophy of language, and who address the relation between philosophy and literature, we propose a distinction between two types of relations: the relation between the literary work (...) and its reception by a reader, and the empirical relation between the reception of the literary work and changes in the reader. For advances in moral reflection, this relation may not be an empirical one. Therefore, we propose a form of explanation for the relation between literary work and its reception by a reader, involving the writer and their literary work, the reader and their interpretative role, and the shared background between writer and reader. (shrink)

O Bem-Estar Psicológico (BEP) de estudantes universitários da gradução tem sido objeto de crescente interesse na pesquisa científica por ser reconhecido como uma dimensão multifacetada e central da saúde mental. Nesse sentido, este trabalho propôs-se a apresentar os fatores de risco e os fatores de proteção que influenciam nos índices do BEP, de modo a evidenciar as estratégias eficazes de cuidado em saúde mental para o referido segmento populacional. Metodologicamente, trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa, a partir de uma (...) revisão integrativa de artigos publicados em português e inglês, disponíveis na íntegra nas bases BVS-Psi e PubMed. Foram utilizados os descritores “bem-estar psicológico”, “universidades” e “saúde mental” ou “bem-estar psicológico”, “fatores de risco” e “fatores de proteção” para BVS-Psi e para PubMed, respectivamente, sendo selecionados e analisados 19 estudos. Os resultados ressaltaram que a sobrecarga de trabalho acadêmico, as expectativas elevadas, a competição intensa e a incerteza em relação ao futuro profissional são fatores de risco. Evidencia-se, ainda, que a criação de relações sociais fortes e de estratégias de gerenciamento do tempo aliadas à orientação profissional eficaz são fatores de proteção que auxiliam na promoção da saúde mental nesta população. (shrink)

Este ensayo expone las ideas fundamentales de la ética pragmática de Rorty, partiendode su crítica de la verdad como representación y la propuesta de la solidaridad en unsentido moral. El autor intenta sentar las bases de una crítica a la ética pragmática yestablece la necesidad de volver a plantear el tema de la persona -desde un cristianismomás “actualizado”- y se formula el problema de la esencia de lo pragmático al interiorde una metafísica que, fundándose un referente simbólico o analógico, supere (...) eldogmatismo y logre inspirar sentimientos como la solidaridad. (shrink)

Resumen: El objetivo principal de este escrito es proponer un papel propedéutico de las intuiciones racionales, a fin de defender una propuesta híbrida entre el acceso epistémico a priori y a posteriori. Las intuiciones racionales deben ser informadas empíricamente, y descartadas cuando hay pruebas contra ellas, cuando la evidencia empírica muestra que la intuición racional es errada, por lo que cualquier creencia guiada por ella también lo sería. Se sostiene que las intuiciones racionales cumplen un importante rol propedéutico: ayudan a (...) comprender diferentes escenarios modales a través de ejemplificaciones contrafácticas. Esto no se opone a la variación cultural de intuiciones, por ello se propone un confiabilismo intuicional variable. Esta propuesta comprende a las intuiciones como falibles y como no conductoras de verdad: no es el objetivo de las intuiciones rastrear la verdad de alguna proposición, sino ayudar a comprender los escenarios hipotéticos que pueden ser relevantes en diferentes áreas.: The main target of this paper is to propose a preparatory learning role of rational intuitions, in order to defend a hybrid proposal between a priori and a posteriori epistemic access. Rational intuitions must be informed empirically, and discarded when there is evidence against them, when empirical evidence shows that rational intuition is wrong, so any belief guided by it would also be wrong. It is argued that rational intuitions play an important propaedeutic role: they help to understand different modal scenarios through counterfactual exemplifications. This is not opposed to the cultural variation of intuitions, therefore a variable intuitional reliability is proposed. This proposal includes intuitions as fallible and as not truth conducive: it is not the goal of intuitions to trace the truth of a proposition, but to help understand the hypothetical scenarios that may be relevant in different areas. (shrink)

Las palabras iniciales del Gorgias son una pista importante para comprender la caracterización literaria y filosófica del personaje Calicles dentro del diálogo platónico. Así, que Platón colocara en boca de Calicles un saludo donde se mencionan explícitamente la guerra y el enfrentamiento muestra lo importante que estas actividades son para este personaje. El resto del diálogo sirve para desarrollar este aspecto del alma de Calicles, quien, tanto en sus intervenciones como en su accionar en la conversación, deja clara su defensa (...) de un modo de vida definido por el honor y el reconocimiento público en el ámbito político, el sometimiento de otros, así como la satisfacción de toda clase de apetitos y deseos como elementos constitutivos de una vida feliz. En tal sentido, las primeras palabras del diálogo nos ofrecen un primer vistazo del personaje Calicles que es coherente con la presentación de este en todo el diálogo. (shrink)

The paper examines deceptions employed during the Cold War with the purpose of exploring their underlying conceptions, mechanisms, and applications. It focuses on the interactions between the deceiver and the deceived, analyzing both sides’ perspectives. The examination centers on declassified guides, recently published as The Official C.I.A. Manual of Trickery and Deception, which contain detailed instructions concerning how spies should carry out their activities of deception. Three kinds of procedures were selected for analysis: behavior in public for men and women, (...) group infiltration, and the use of secret recognition signals. To provide a practical visualization, the 2012 movie Argo, based on a real-life operation using the same principles, is complementarily analyzed. Merleau-Ponty’s approach to perception and sensation is considered along with Husserl’s concepts of sedimentation and lifeworld, while narrative semiotics and its framework guide the treatment of textuality and the approach to persuasion. The article conceives of sedimentation and contemplation of the lifeworld as mandatory components of a kind of deception that is primarily acted, reflecting upon how the spies’ interference affects the environment. The results indicate a common structure for deceptions that builds on what Greimas calls a “fiduciary contract.”. (shrink)

Belief Revision studies how rational agents change their beliefs in response to new information. The main objective of the works in this area is modelling these dynamics by defining some formal operators of change. This paper is an overview on the AGM model for revision, introducing some of the major questions that are addressed in this area of study.

Hay sufrimiento en el mundo, hay mal en el mundo. Existe evidencia de ambos. No todo sufrimiento parece ser con vistas a un bien mayor. Es decir, parece haber casos de mal gratuito o injustificado. El pasado 2 de febrero del 2024, observamos en Viña del Mar - Chile las trágicas consecuencias de un devastador incendio forestal, probablemente provocado intencionalmente por el ser humano. Ante escenarios de este tipo, el desafío epistémico para quienes creemos en Dios es preguntarnos si este (...) es un caso de mal innecesario y si, de ser así, tiene alguna implicancia para la creencia en Dios. En este escrito plantearé los riesgos de racionalizar el sufrimiento, sin que ello implique que la búsqueda de razones sobre el mismo (su explicación) derive en una justificación indirecta del mismo. En última instancia, se trata de distinguir entre evaluar las causas de un evento, la justificación del evento y la evaluación ética del mismo. (shrink)

O presente ensaio tem por objetivo analisar a crítica de Nietzsche a historiografia moderna a partir da definição de romantismo proposta por Michel Lowy e Robert Sayre. Deste modo, intentamos compreender a crítica nietzschiana à História como um movimento de combate à própria modernidade, tomando a tragédia grega como o caminho para combater o historicismo e os problemas desencadeados pela doença histórica.

Some of our reasons for acting are grounded precisely on the fact that we are not fully virtuous agents. This shows that the intuitive view that what we should do is what a virtuous person would do in the circumstances we find ourselves is false. Many take this to show that there is not a close connection between virtue and practical reasons. I hold that this is a mistake. I argue that a failure to act in light of a decisive (...) reason always amounts to a flaw from the standpoint of virtue. This is the case even when it comes to reasons grounded in defects of character. The upshot is that our conception of virtue constraints the normative judgments we can accept. That is the case because every reason must be grounded in a value that is compatible with virtue. I conclude that even though we should not always act as a virtuous person, we should always act in response to values that a virtuous person could uphold. (shrink)

La Inteligencia Artificial tiene implicaciones significativas para los derechos humanos, tanto en términos de desafíos como de oportunidades. Por eso los derechos están presentes en las declaraciones y propuestas sobre su regulación. Sin embargo, esta presencia tiene que enfrentarse a algunos problemas. Uno de ellos es el de la determinación de qué significa el enfoque de derechos humanos. Este trabajo pretende dar luz sobre esta cuestión.

Este trabajo trata de ofrecer una panorámica de la obra de Richard Rorty con especial referencia a alguno de los problemas políticos que se deducen de sus tesis: la apuesta por la contingencia, la división privado/público, el cosmopolitismo y la emancipación, el etnocentrísmo, etc.

El cambio de siglo ha supuesto, por un lado, la desaparición de algunas amenazas tradicionales para los Estados, centradas en las concepciones ideológicas, en la política de bloques y en la primacía de los intereses nacionales sobre los de las coaliciones y, por otro, la irrupción de otras que se han aprovechado, para emerger y consolidarse como tales riesgos, del aumento de la inestabilidad a escala mundial, de la utilización creciente de la violencia con fines políticos y de los avances (...) tecnológicos, sobre todo en el campo de las telecomunicaciones y de la informática. Resulta indiscutible -y para nosotros como españoles, dolorosamente indiscutible- que la mayor de las amenazas es la representada por el terrorismo internacional. (shrink)

Objectives: Recent fMRI studies have shown that it is possible to reliably identify the defaultmode network (DMN) in the absence of any task, by resting-state connectivity analyses in healthy volunteers. We here aimed to identify the DMN in the challenging patient population of disorders of consciousness encountered following coma. Experimental design: A spatial independent component analysis-based methodology permitted DMN assessment, decomposing connectivity in all its different sources either neuronal or artifactual. Three different selection criteria were introduced assessing anticorrelation-corrected connectivity with (...) or without an automatic masking procedure and calculating connectivity scores encompassing both spatial and temporal properties. These three methods were validated on 10 healthy controls and applied to an independent group of 8 healthy controls and 11 severely brain-damaged patients [locked-in syndrome (n ¼ 2), minimally conscious (n ¼ 1), and vegetative state (n ¼ 8)]. Principal observations: All vegetative patients showed fewer connections in the default-mode areas, when compared with controls, contrary to locked-in patients who showed nearnormal connectivity. In the minimally conscious-state patient, only the two selection criteria considering both spatial and temporal properties were able to identify an intact right lateralized BOLD connectivity pattern, and metabolic PET data suggested its neuronal origin. Conclusions: When assess-. (shrink)

Solms and the other authors in this series of BBS target articles accept the findings that the executive control of the REM/NREM cycle is still localized within a narrow region of the pontine brainstem. However, recent findings challenge this notion. We will review the recent data and suggest instead that the hypothalamus is the primary regulator of states of consciousness. If the hypothalamus indeed controls all the fun stuff, such as sex, eating, drinking, sleeping, and so on, then one can (...) more easily accept Solms's argument that dreams are also generated from the forebrain. [Solms]. (shrink)

Na investigação acadêmica/científica, o vago é usualmente tratado como desvio do exato. Na teoria da tradução, isso toma corpo no conceito tradicional de ‘equivalência’ como igualdade a priori e no nível do sistema linguístico. Contra essa visão, retomamos aqui uma aproximação entre o conceito de ‘normas tradutórias’ de Gideon Toury e a concepção de linguagem do Wittgen­stein tardio, orientando-nos também pelos comentários do filósofo brasileiro Arley Moreno. Defendemos que o vago tem precedência lógica ante o preciso, na linguagem tout court (...) e na tradução de modo específico. Isso se aplica particularmente aos vetores ‘adequação’ e ‘aceitabilidade’ que Toury apresenta em seu “kit do tradutor” — a partir do conceito de ‘semelhança de família’ do Wittgenstein tardio. (shrink)

RESUMO Defendo uma versão de sentimentalismo avaliativo segundo a qual (i) respostas afetivas são aparências de valor e (ii) juízos de valor podem repudiar ou assentir a essas aparências. O ponto de partida do meu argumento é a concepção enativa de afetividade de Giovanna Colombetti. De acordo com Colombetti, um ser afetivo é um que, por meio de sua atividade de produção de sentido, traça distinções significativas, permeadas de valores e, assim, produz um Umwelt (isto é, um ambiente que tem (...) um significado específico para ele). Os elementos desse Umwelt impactam o ser afetivo como significativos e ser assim impactado é ter uma resposta afetiva. Nesse sentido, respostas afetivas podem ser caracterizadas como aparências de valor. Sustento que as aparências de valor são melhor compreendidas como percepções de affordances. Essa tese tem consequências para nossa compreensão de juízos de valor. Os conceitos avaliativos que são relevantes para nós devem corresponder a distinções que são significativas para nós. Assim, conceitos avaliativos relevantes devem capturar o significado de elementos do Umwelt que afetam o organismo. O resultado é que o significado que juízos de valor atribuem a seus objetos pode coincidir com o significado com o qual o objeto nos é apresentado em uma resposta afetiva. (shrink)

El nuevo imaginario social del conocimiento teórico del siglo XVIII, que, entre otros rasgos, contenía el de la utilidad del saber, comportó un cambio semántico en el término «filosofía», estrechamente relacionado con la enseñanza, tras ser desplazado por el de «ciencia». En las universidades se impartían las ciencias filosóficas, de tradición escolástica, enfocadas, fundamentalmente, a formar a funcionarios del Estado y la Iglesia, pero las nuevas ciencias matemáticas y naturales requerían ocupar un lugar en la enseñanza para instruir a la (...) sociedad civil. Los ilustrados españoles, entre otros, Jovellanos, concibieron entonces dos tipos de centros, unos para las primeras, que siguieron siendo las universidades, mientras que para las segundas propusieron instaurar institutos específicos. En cambio, los liberales, y, en particular, Quintana, decidieron unificar la enseñanza de las ciencias en centros únicos, las universidades de provincia y una de nueva creación, la Universidad Central. Las ciencias filosóficas fueron entonces marginadas, como la lógica, sustituida por la matemática como ciencia instrumental fundamental, y la metafísica, que fue abandonada. (shrink)